Role in the Stomach and Digestive System
The stomach is one of the most important organs of the digestive system. Located between the esophagus and the small intestine, the stomach is a J-shaped pouch that temporarily stores nutrients, and is a central site where food is mixed with stomach acid and digestive enzymes to be broken down. It initiates the chemical digestion of proteins and sends the semi-liquid mass of food to the small intestine in a controlled manner. Any disruption in these complex functions of the stomach can lead to various diseases and uncomfortable symptoms.
Common Stomach Diseases
Stomach diseases are among the most common health problems in society. The main stomach diseases are:
- Gastritis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the interior surface of the stomach. It can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term). The most common causes include Helicobacter pylori bacterial infection, long-term use of painkillers (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress. It causes symptoms such as upper abdominal pain, burning, and heartburn.
- Peptic Ulcer: When stomach acid and digestive juices erode the protective mucous layer of the stomach or duodenum, causing a sore (ulcer). The most frequent causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and painkiller use, similar to gastritis. It can lead to a burning, cramping pain that becomes more noticeable on an empty stomach.
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): The reflux of stomach contents and acid into the esophagus. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally prevents this, relaxes. The most typical symptom is a burning sensation behind the breastbone, commonly known as "heartburn." A bitter taste in the mouth is also a common symptom.
- Functional Dyspepsia (Indigestion): Characterized by symptoms like bloating, early satiety, gas, and discomfort in the upper abdomen, despite no detectable ulcer, gastritis, or other organic causes. It is very common in the population.
General Symptoms
Stomach diseases often present with similar symptoms. The following symptoms warrant seeing a doctor:
- Burning, heartburn, gnawing, or pain in the upper and middle abdomen
- Bloating, gas, and belching
- Discomfort after eating and early satiety
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Alarm Symptoms: Unexplained weight loss, difficulty swallowing, vomiting blood, or black tarry stools require urgent medical attention.
Diagnosis and Treatment Approach
In diagnosing stomach diseases, it is very important for the patient to describe their complaints in detail. The most valuable diagnostic method to confirm the diagnosis and find the underlying cause is gastroscopy (endoscopy). During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube with a camera at the tip is used to directly examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, and biopsies (tissue samples) are taken when necessary. Additionally, breath or stool tests can be used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori.
Treatment is entirely based on the diagnosis. The most commonly used treatments include medications that suppress stomach acid (such as proton pump inhibitors), antibiotics for H. pylori infection, and mucosal protective drugs. Lifestyle changes such as avoiding spicy, fatty, and acidic foods, quitting alcohol and smoking are also essential parts of the treatment.
This content has been translated using artificial intelligence technology.